Common vulnerability classes¶

Smart energy devices suffer from many of the same issues as general IoT, but with energy-specific consequences:

• Default credentials, weak authentication, or hardcoded keys.

• Exposed web interfaces or admin portals accessible over the network.

• Buffer overflows, input validation errors, and logic flaws.

• Firmware signing bypasses and insecure update mechanisms.

• Poor use of TLS/cryptography: self-signed certificates, expired certs, or no certificate validation.

Understanding these classes helps anticipate what kinds of flaws may exist, even without access to specific exploits.